Linguistic Influence

Acknowledging that languages are always influenced by other languages, the reasons and consequences of lexical borrowing are discussed. Focusing on the impact of English, a taxonomy of linguistic influence is established. Its three main categories are active Anglicisms, the products of direct import of (English) language features; reactive Anglicisms, English-inspired changes in existing features of the borrowing language; and code-shifts, the use of English in nonanglophone discourse. After discussing attitudes toward Anglicisms and the role played by translations in the dissemination of Anglicisms, the article outlines future scenarios ranging from linguistic fossilization to loss of domains and language death.

acceptability
Anglicisms
borrowing
calques
domain loss
dubbing
impersonal contacts
language change
language death
loanwords
personal contacts
purism
subtitling
translation
translationese

Henrik Gottlieb was born 1953 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He worked as a professional subtitler from 1980 to 1992. He received his M.A. in English and Applied Linguistics and his Ph.D. in Translation Studies. He has worked in research and teaching at the University of Copenhagen since 1990 and has been Associate Professor since 2000, also teaching and lecturing in Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Greece, China, Brazil, South Africa and the United States. His fields of research are English influence on other languages (Anglicisms), screen translation, idioms, false friends, corpus linguistics, and lexicography. His publications include ‘The Impact of English’ (in Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 1999), ‘Are Danish voices less American than Danish subtitles?’ (in Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I, 2001), (Multi) media translation: concepts, practices and research, (ed.) (2001), ‘Four Germanic Dictionaries of Anglicisms’ (in Symposium on Lexicography X, 2002), ‘Titles on Subtitling 1929–1999’ (Bibliography, 2002), ‘Parameters of Translation’ (in Perspectives. Studies in Translatology 2003), Screen Translation. Seven studies in subtitling, dubbing and voice-over (2004), ‘Language-political implications of subtitling’ (in Topics in Audiovisual Translation, 2004), ‘Danish Echoes of English’ (in Nordic Journal of English Studies, 2004), ‘English-inspired post-9/11 Terms in Danish Mass Media’ (in Global Security, Global Translation, 2005).