Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, and finding a safe therapeutic strategy and effective vaccine is critical to overcoming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, elucidation of pathogenesis mechanisms, especially entry routes of SARS-CoV-2 may help propose antiviral drugs and novel vaccines. Several receptors have been demonstrated for the interaction of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), ephrin ligands and Eph receptors, neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), P2X7, and CD147. The expression of these entry receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) may make the CNS prone to SARS-CoV-2 invasion, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The present review provides potential pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the CNS, including entry receptors and cytokines involved in neuroinflammatory conditions. Moreover, it explains several neurodegenerative disorders associated with COVID-19. Finally, we suggest inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; CD147; CNS; COVID-19; Cytokine; Ephrin; Inflammasome; Jak; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuropilin-1; P2X7; Parkinson’s disease.
© 2022. The Author(s).
MeSH terms
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / metabolism
- Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
- Basigin / genetics
- Basigin / metabolism
- COVID-19 / genetics
- COVID-19 / metabolism
- COVID-19 / virology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment*
- Central Nervous System / drug effects*
- Central Nervous System / metabolism
- Central Nervous System / virology
- Ephrins / genetics
- Ephrins / metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions / drug effects
- Host-Pathogen Interactions / genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors / therapeutic use
- Inflammasomes / drug effects*
- Inflammasomes / genetics
- Inflammasomes / metabolism
- Janus Kinase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
- Janus Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinases / genetics
- Janus Kinases / metabolism
- Neurodegenerative Diseases / drug therapy*
- Neurodegenerative Diseases / genetics
- Neurodegenerative Diseases / metabolism
- Neurodegenerative Diseases / virology
- Neuropilin-1 / genetics
- Neuropilin-1 / metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 / genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 / metabolism
- Receptors, Virus / antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus / genetics*
- Receptors, Virus / metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2 / drug effects*
- SARS-CoV-2 / genetics
- SARS-CoV-2 / metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2 / pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Internalization / drug effects*
Substances
- Antiviral Agents
- BSG protein, human
- Ephrins
- Immunologic Factors
- Inflammasomes
- Janus Kinase Inhibitors
- NRP1 protein, human
- P2RX7 protein, human
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
- Receptors, Virus
- Basigin
- Neuropilin-1
- Janus Kinases
- ACE2 protein, human
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2