Discovery of Novel Bat Coronaviruses in South China That Use the Same Receptor as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
Prevalence and genetic diversity of lineage C BetaCoVs.
Animal type and scientific name | Common name | No. (%) of positive anal swabs for lineage C BetaCoV | Sampling locationa |
---|---|---|---|
Molossidae | |||
Chaerephon plicatus | Wrinkle-lipped bat | 0/6 | 11 |
Tadarida spp. | 0/5 | 6 | |
Pteropodidae | |||
Cynopterus sphinx | Indian short-nosed fruit bat | 0/39 | 3, 8 |
Rhinolophidae | |||
Hipposideros armiger | Himalayan leaf-nosed bat | 0/107 | 6, 9, 10, 11 |
Hipposideros larvatus | Intermediate leaf-nosed bat | 0/28 | 6, 9, 11 |
Hipposideros pomona | Pomona leaf-nosed bat | 0/18 | 10 |
Hipposideros pratti | Pratt's leaf-nosed bat | 0/55 | 9, 11 |
Rhinolophus luctus | Woolly horseshoe bat | 0/3 | 9 |
Rhinolophus macrotis | Big-eared horseshoe bat | 0/3 | 9 |
Rhinolophus pearsonii | Pearson's horseshoe bat | 0/25 | 5, 9, 11 |
Rhinolophus pusillus | Least horseshoe bat | 0/15 | 9, 11 |
Rhinolophus rex | Rex horseshoe bat | 0/8 | 9 |
Rhinolophus sinicus | Chinese horseshoe bat | 0/73 | 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 |
Vespertilionidae | |||
Eptesicus spp. | 0/1 | 8 | |
Ia io | Great evening bat | 4/53 (8) | 6, 9, 11 |
Miniopterus schreibersii | Common bent-wing bat | 0/1 | 6 |
Myotis adversus | Large-footed bat | 0/9 | 7, 10 |
Myotis altarium | Szechwan myotis | 0/2 | 9, 11 |
Myotis chinensis | Large myotis | 0/21 | 6, 9, 10 |
Myotis daubentonii | Daubenton's bat | 0/57 | 4, 8, 9, 11 |
Myotis longipes | Kashmir cave myotis | 0/17 | 9, 11 |
Myotis ricketti | Rickett's big-footed Myotis | 0/47 | 6, 9 |
Myotis spp. | 0/18 | 6, 9 | |
Nyctalus plancyi | Chinese noctule | 0/1 | 6 |
Pipistrellus abramus | Japanese pipistrelle | 15/75 (20) | 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 |
Pipistrellus minus | Lesser pipistrelle | 1/7 (15) | 6, 8, 11 |
Pipistrellus pipistrellus | Common pipistrelle | 6/42 (14) | 4, 6, 9, 10, 11 |
Pipistrellus spp. | 4/21 (24) | 6, 9 | |
Scotomanes ornatus | Harlequin bat | 0/3 | 6 |
Scotophilus kuhlii | Lesser Asiatic yellow house bat | 0/3 | 6, 10 |
Tylonycteris pachypus | Lesser bamboo bat | 11/70 (16) | 2 |
Tylonycteris spp. | 13/45 (11) | 6, 8, 10 | |
Vespertilio murinus | Particolored bat | 0/3 | 11 |
Vespertilio superans | Asian particolored bat | 34/159 (21) | 1 |
Unclassified bat | 0/19 | 6, 9, 10, 11 |
Characterization of full-length genomes of novel bat MERS-related CoVs.
Strain, protein/ORF | Nucleotide position | Length (aa) | Frame | TRS location | TRS sequence distance bases to AUGa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BtCoV/Ii/GD/2013-845 (30,113 nt, 40.98% G+C content) | |||||
ORF1ab | 237–21517 | 7,093 | +1, +3 | 61 | AACGAA(170)AUG |
S | 21459–25529 | 1,356 | +1 | 21407 | AACGAA(46)AUG |
ORF3 | 25539–25841 | 100 | +1 | 25528 | AACGAA(5)AUG |
ORF4a | 25850–26134 | 94 | +3 | 25840 | AACGAA(4)AUG |
ORF4b | 26055–26783 | 242 | +1 | ||
ORF5 | 26790–27473 | 227 | +1 | 26782 | AACGAA(2)AUG |
E | 27551–27799 | 82 | +3 | 27543 | AACGAA(2)AUG |
M | 27814–28470 | 218 | +2 | 27798 | AACGAA(10)AUG |
N | 28526–29824 | 432 | +2 | 28503 | AACGAA(17)AUG |
ORF8b | 28725–29156 | 143 | +1 | ||
BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 (30,113 nt, 40.80% G+C content) | |||||
ORF1ab | 238–21560 | 7,107 | +1, +3 | 62 | AACGAA(170)AUG |
S | 21502–25551 | 1,349 | +1 | 21450 | AACGAA(46)AUG |
ORF3 | 25559–25879 | 106 | +2 | 25550 | AACGAA(3)AUG |
ORF4a | 25857–26141 | 94 | +2 | 25847 | AACGAA(4)AUG |
ORF4b | 26081–26779 | 232 | +2 | ||
ORF5 | 26786–27469 | 227 | +2 | 26778 | AACGAA(2)AUG |
E | 27547–27795 | 82 | +1 | 27539 | AACGAA(2)AUG |
M | 27810–28466 | 218 | +3 | 27794 | AACGAA(10)AUG |
N | 28521–29822 | 433 | +3 | 28497 | AACGAA(18)AUG |
ORF8b | 28567–29148 | 194 | +1 |
Nspa | BtCoV/Ii/GD/2013-845 | BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 | Putative functional domain(s)b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-last amino acid residues | Protein size (aa) | First-last amino acid residues | Protein size (aa) | ||
1 | Met1-Gly196 | 196 | Met1-Gly196 | 196 | IFN antagonist |
2 | Asp197-Gly856 | 660 | Asp197-Gly856 | 660 | |
3 | Ala857-Gly2754 | 1,898 | Ala857-Gly2768 | 1,912 | ADRP, PL2pro |
4 | Ala2755-Gln3261 | 507 | Ala2769-Gln3275 | 507 | TM-2 |
5 | Ser3262-Gln3567 | 306 | Ser3276-Gln3581 | 306 | 3CLpro |
6 | Ser3568-Gln3859 | 292 | Ser3582-Gln3873 | 292 | TM-3 |
7 | Ser3860-Gln3942 | 83 | Ser3874-Gln3956 | 83 | |
8 | Ala3943-Gln4141 | 199 | Ala3957-Gln4155 | 199 | Primase |
9 | Asn4142-Gln4251 | 110 | Asn4156-Gln4265 | 110 | RNA-binding protein |
10 | Ala4252-Gln4391 | 140 | Ala4266-Gln4405 | 140 | ZBD, cofactor of OMT |
11 | Ser4392-Ile4395 | 14 | Ser4406-Ile4419 | 14 | Short peptide |
12 | Ser4392-Gln5325 | 934 | Ser4406-Gln5339 | 934 | RdRp |
13 | Ala5326-Gln5923 | 598 | Ala5340-Gln5937 | 598 | Hel, NTPase |
14 | Ser5924-Gln6447 | 524 | Ser5938-Gln6461 | 524 | ExoN, NMT |
15 | Gly6448-Gln6970 | 343 | Gly6462-Gln6804 | 343 | NendoU |
16 | Ala6969-Arg7093 | 303 | Ala6805-Cys7107 | 303 | OMT |
Feature | % Nucleotide or amino acid identityf | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MERS-CoV | Bat MERS-related CoVa | HKU4b | HKU5c | HeCoV-1d | Within 845 and 422e | |
Genome | 75.3 | 74.7–81.2 | 70.7–70.9 | 70.6–71.0 | 70.0–70.4 | 88.1 |
ADRP | 70.6 | 69.5–85.1 | 56.7–57.8 | 55.9–59.0 | 66.0–66.5 | 91.0 |
3CLpro | 89.2–89.9 | 89.5–95.1 | 78.8–79.7 | 83.3–84.0 | 81.7–82.0 | 97.7 |
RdRp | 94.4–94.9 | 95.0–97.0 | 89.0–89.3 | 92.2–92.8 | 88.8–89.0 | 98.6 |
Hel, NTPase | 94.8–95.2 | 95.0–98.3 | 93.1–93.8 | 94.5–95.3 | 92.0–92.5 | 99.5 |
ExoN | 94.5–95.0 | 94.5–96.9 | 84.7–85.9 | 91.2–92.0 | 89.7–90.3 | 98.7 |
NendoU | 87.8–88.0 | 88.0–90.1 | 75.1–77.4 | 80.5–81.2 | 85.4–86.3 | 97.1 |
OMT | 88.4–88.7 | 88.4–95.7 | 84.6 | 86.1–86.4 | 85.8–87.7 | 96.7 |
S | 64.7–64.9 | 43.3–68.3 | 65.0–67.8 | 58.5–60.6 | 45.9–46.1 | 76.2 |
S-RBDg | 61.9–63.6 | 34.6–57.6 | 71.3–72.9 | 56.7–60.3 | 41.1 | 83.8 |
E | 80.5–82.9 | 82.9–85.4 | 79.7–72.0 | 69.5 | 74.4–75.6 | 90.2 |
M | 86.2–88.5 | 88.1–92.7 | 78.4–80.3 | 80.7–82.6 | 80.3–81.2 | 95.4 |
N | 79.0–79.1 | 78.8–90.5 | 73.1–73.8 | 71.1–71.5 | 72.2–73.3 | 85.6 |
ORF3 | 41.6–45.0 | 44.6–57.0 | 31.9–40.0 | 37.3–45.8 | 20.6–23.0 | 50.0 |
ORF4a | 51.1–52.1 | 54.3–71.3 | 44.7 | 40.9–47.3 | 43.2 | 80.9 |
ORF4b | 38.7–43.3 | 41.3–66.5 | 30.3–31.6 | 26.5–34.8 | 39.6–46.3 | 58.8 |
ORF5 | 66.1–67.0 | 65.2–78.9 | 43.1–45.8 | 55.7–56.6 | 52.3–53.3 | 89.0 |
Recombination analysis of novel bat MERS-related CoV S gene.
Binding assay of BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 spike protein to DPP4.
Cross-neutralization assay of anti-MERS-spike antibodies to novel bat MERS-related CoV.
DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethics statement.
Sample collection.
RNA extraction.
RT-PCR for CoV detection.
Host species identification.
Sequencing of full-length genomes.
Genome analysis.
Estimation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates.
Cell lines.
Protein expression and purification.
AlphaScreen protein-protein binding assay.
Dot blot hybridization assay.
BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 spike-mediated pseudovirus entry into human and bat cells.
Neutralization of BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 spike-mediated pseudovirus entry by anti-hDPP4 antibodies.
Neutralization of BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014-422 spike-mediated pseudovirus entry by anti-MERS-CoV-spike antibodies.
Accession number(s).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Information & Contributors
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