Blues vs Jazz

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An an inside joke in the jazz & blues circles goes, "A blues guitarist plays 3 chords in front of thousands of people, and a jazz guitarist plays thousands of chords in front of 3 people."

The main focus of jazz music is the dynamics and improvisations of an ensemble, while blues music is usually centered on a single guitar player/vocalist, and the personal lyrical content of the song. Most jazz tunes are purely instrumental, while a blues song always contains lyrics.

Blues music was around before jazz, and can be considered an element of jazz music. However, jazz would not be considered a part of blues music per se.

Comparison chart

Blues versus Jazz comparison chart
	Blues	Jazz
	current rating is 4.23/5 1 2 3 4 5 (247 ratings)	current rating is 4.35/5 1 2 3 4 5 (250 ratings)
Cultural origins	Late 19th century, southern United States	Early 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States.
Stylistic origins	African American folk music, Work song, Spirituals	A mix of African and European music traditions.
Typical instruments	Guitar, Bass, Piano, Harmonica, Double bass, Drums, Saxophone, Vocals, Trumpet, Trombone, sometimes fiddle	Guitar, Piano, Bass, Saxophone, Trumpet, Clarinet, Drum kit, Tuba, Double bass.
Derivative forms	Bluegrass , Jazz , R&B , Rock and roll , Rock music	Calypso, Funk, Fusion, Jazz blues, Latin jazz, Ragtime, Soul, Swing,
Mainstream popularity	Widespread since the early 20th century	Was used largely in brothels
Tone	Melancholic, sharp, slow	Swinging, swaying, generally associated with smoothness but can be abstract and hyper
Popular artists	B.B. King, Muddy Waters, W.C. Handy, John Lee Hooker, Mammie Smith, Gus Cannon, Ma Rainey, Leadbelly, Big Bill Broonzy, T-Bone Walker, Mississippi John Hurt, Rev. Gary Davis, Tommy Johnson, Sonny Boy Williamson, Eric Clapton, Hwolin' Wolf	Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, John Zorn, Elvin Jones, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, Dave Brubeck, Herbie Hancock, Frank Sinatra, Charles Mingus, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday
Defining Elements	Call-and-response format, cyclical, standard chord structures, focus on the guitarist/vocalist, simple chord progressions.	Democratic improvisation, instrumental voicing, syncopated rhythms, focus on the group, complicated chord structures.
Genre	Musical genre and form based on set chord patterns, blue notes, and emotive lyrics.	Musical genre with an emphasis on improvisation, group interaction, and syncopated rhythms.
Musical Roots	Narrative ballads, work songs, field hollers.	African rhythms, work songs, marching bands, early blues music ragtime.
Place of birth	Mississippi and Texas, then Chicago	New Orleans, then to Chicago and New York
First Documented	1908: first published blues sheet music - Antonio Maggio's "I Got the Blues".	1917: first recording by Original Dixieland Jass Band.
Etymology	In West African mysticism, mourners’ garments were dyed blue to indicate suffering.	Likely derived from jasm, a now-obsolete slang term meaning energy, vigor, and spirit, dated to 1860.

Expression

Jazz is a broad musical style, notoriously difficult to define, but with a general foundation of improvisation, syncopated rhythms, and group interaction. Considered a wholly American musical form, jazz originated during the late 19th century within black communities of the Southern United States. A jazz ensemble usually plays a predetermined tune, with each musician adding their own interpretations. This improvisation is the defining element of jazz, and is based on the mood of the musicians, the interaction of the group, and even the audience’s response to the music. Jazz performers try to create a unique and expressive tone for their instrument, also known as a “voice”. Skilled jazz musicians play and interact with a swing rhythm, a propulsive groove or beat that creates a visceral response of foot-tapping or head-nodding. These rhythms have roots in traditional African music, using the off beats of syncopated rhythms to create the groove.

Blues is a genre of music based on traditional blues chord patterns, scales, and emotive lyrics, often performed by a solo guitarist/vocalist. A repeating progression of chords such as the 12-bar blues is played to lyrics, mostly a narrative about the woes of life: lost love, mistreatment, and poverty. Blues music is almost always guitar-based, and is characterized by its structure, which is often simple in terms of chord progressions and repeated lyrics. Blues scales contain ‘blue’ notes - notes played at a slightly lowered pitch - which give the music a distinctive sound. The focus of blues music is usually the singer/guitarist, even when the performer is backed by a band. While improvisation is often a part of blues, there is rarely much deviation from the basic chord structure of the song.

This video depiction gets under the root reality of blues music:

Why Jazz and Blues go Hand-in-Hand

Both types of music emerged in the American Deep South around the end of the 19th century and spread north and formed various sub-genres. Jazz and blues are both characterized by the use of “blue” notes, swung notes, and syncopated rhythms. When blues musicians begin heavily improvising, the line between blues and jazz begins to diminish. In fact, mastery of blues style playing is considered part of learning to play jazz.

Work Songs: The Common Denominator

Traditional African-American work songs led to both jazz and blues. These rhythmic a cappella work songs originated with agricultural slaves, and they severed several purposes, from synchronizing physical movement in a group and raising morale, to expressing anger and frustration, or withstanding hardship. As slaves improvised and modified verses, the songs also became of subversive form of expression and rebellion.

History

In New Orleans during the late 19th century, brass marching bands gave lengthy performances during funerals and parades. Musicians would grow bored and begin to improvise, using the syncopated rhythms of African-American vocal music into traditional military tunes and rags. As these musicians moved to other cities, they brought this rhythmic improvisation incorporating sit-down instruments such as pianos and drum kits. Blues music was an important part of early jazz, as musicians began to improvise on traditional blues progressions and scales. The music eventually spread north, taking root and evolving in cities such as Chicago and New York City, and came to be one of the most popular musical genres in America, it’s pinnacle being the Jazz Age of the 1920s and swing music of the 1930s. Bill Taylor gives a very interesting account of the History of Jazz:

Blues music originated in the late 1800s, but the precise origins are murky due to low literacy rates of the black community at that time, and racial discrimination with the musical and academic circles. The music was first chronicled in Mississippi and Southern Texas in 1901, and has origins in the unaccompanied vocal music of slaves and European chord structures. By the 1920s blues music was part of the American popular music scene, and the first recording of slide guitar, which came to characterize the Delta Blues sub-genre, was made in 1923 by Sylvester Weaver. Electric guitar-based blues became popular after the second World War, and had a major influence on early rock and roll music.

Live Arts on YouTube has made a 4-part documentary on the History of Blues. Here is part 1:

If this holds your interest, you may also find Part 2, Part 3 and Part 4 interesting.

Key Terms

Syncopated rhythms: rhythmic deviation from the standard beat.
Swung note: a note of equal timing played with unequal duration
Blue notes: notes that are sung or played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major scale.