Evidence-based guideline update: Steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy
Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
Abstract
Objective:
To review evidence published since the 2001 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter regarding the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of steroids and antiviral agents for Bell palsy.
Methods:
We searched Medline and the Cochrane Database of Controlled Clinical Trials for studies published since January 2000 that compared facial functional outcomes in patients with Bell palsy receiving steroids/antivirals with patients not receiving these medications. We graded each study (Class I–IV) using the AAN therapeutic classification of evidence scheme. We compared the proportion of patients recovering facial function in the treated group with the proportion of patients recovering facial function in the control group.
Results:
Nine studies published since June 2000 on patients with Bell palsy receiving steroids/antiviral agents were identified. Two of these studies were rated Class I because of high methodologic quality.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, steroids are highly likely to be effective and should be offered to increase the probability of recovery of facial nerve function (2 Class I studies, Level A) (risk difference 12.8%–15%). For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, antiviral agents in combination with steroids do not increase the probability of facial functional recovery by >7%. Because of the possibility of a modest increase in recovery, patients might be offered antivirals (in addition to steroids) (Level C). Patients offered antivirals should be counseled that a benefit from antivirals has not been established, and, if there is a benefit, it is likely that it is modest at best.
Bell palsy is an acute, peripheral facial paresis of unknown cause.1 Usually the diagnosis is established without difficulty.2 Up to 30% of patients with Bell palsy fail to recover facial function completely.3 The disease is common, with an annual incidence of 20 per 100,000. Thus, thousands of patients with Bell palsy are left with permanent, potentially disfiguring facial weakness each year.
In 2001, the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published an evidence-based practice guideline for the treatment of Bell palsy.4 The 2001 guideline concluded that steroids were probably effective and antivirals (acyclovir) possibly effective in increasing the probability of complete facial functional recovery in patients with Bell palsy.
This update, developed by the AAN Guideline Development Subcommittee (see appendices e-1 and e-2 on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org), systematically reviews studies published since June 2000 that are considered relevant to this question: For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, does treatment with steroids or antiviral agents (acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir) improve facial functional recovery?
DESCRIPTION OF THE ANALYTIC PROCESS
We searched Medline for articles published from June 2000 through January 2012 using the term “Bell's palsy” and the sensitive, therapeutic clinical filter5 (see appendix e-3 for the specific search strategy employed). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Controlled Clinical Trials was also searched. A secondary search of the references of selected articles and review articles (including Cochrane systematic reviews) was performed to identify studies missed by our search strategy.
The titles and abstracts of the identified citations were reviewed for relevance to the clinical question. The full text of potentially relevant articles was retrieved and included in the analysis if these studies determined facial functional outcomes after at least 3 months of follow-up in at least 20 patients with new-onset Bell palsy. We included only controlled trials with prospective data collection comparing outcomes in patients treated with steroids or antiviral agents with patients not treated with these medications. Both authors independently reviewed articles and completed data abstraction. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion.
Facial functional recovery was defined as “good” or “complete” using the same criteria used in the 2001 practice guideline. The quantitative measure of the treatment effect employed was the difference in the proportion of patients attaining complete or good facial recovery in the treatment group relative to the comparative group (i.e., the risk difference [RD]). In studies using the House and Brackmann6 facial function scoring system, we considered an outcome of grade I or II a good recovery. When comparing the proportion of patients recovering complete facial function, we considered an outcome of grade I a complete recovery. The measure of statistical precision used was the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the RD, and an RD ≥10% was considered clinically meaningful. The frequency and severity of the adverse events (AEs) from the treatments employed were also abstracted.
Studies were rated for their risk of bias using the AAN 4-tiered classification of evidence scheme for therapeutic studies (appendix e-4). Studies from the original guideline were re-rated using the updated classification of evidence scheme. The strength of practice recommendations was linked to the strength of evidence (appendix e-5).
For the purpose of formulating conclusions and recommendations, we used the term “steroids” regardless of the specific type, dose, and route of steroids used in the reviewed studies. Likewise, we used the term “antiviral agents” regardless of the specific type of agent used in the reviewed studies.
ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE
Our search strategy identified 340 citations. We reviewed the full text of 38 potentially relevant articles. Nine articles7–15 fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, does treatment with steroids improve facial functional recovery?
The search strategy identified 3 articles8,11,15 published since the initial review comparing outcomes in patients with Bell palsy treated with steroids with those not treated with steroids. Table 1 summarizes these studies and includes 2 of the studies reviewed in the original guideline that attained a grading of Class II or better.16,17 Only Class I and Class II studies are discussed further.
The 2 Class I studies8,11 randomized patients to steroids vs placebo and described concealed allocation. Both studies enrolled patients within 3 days of the onset of facial weakness. Both studies used prednisolone, one at 60 mg/d for 5 days followed by a 5-day taper,8 the other 25 mg BID for 10 days.11 All studies employed masked outcome assessment and had high rates of follow-up.
The 3 Class II studies15–17 did not describe concealed allocation. These studies enrolled fewer than 100 patients each and described complete follow-up and masked outcome assessment. One of the Class II15 studies used IV prednisone. The other 2 used oral steroid preparations.
Efficacy
The 2 Class I studies demonstrated a significant increase in the probability of complete recovery in patients randomized to steroids (RD favoring steroids 12.8% and 15%), translating to a number needed to treat (NNT) of 6 to 8. None of the Class II studies demonstrated a significant benefit from steroids. However, these studies lacked the statistical precision to exclude a clinically meaningful effect of steroids.
Safety and tolerability
All studies reported AEs from steroids. In general, these were minor and temporary. The most common AEs reported were insomnia and dyspepsia.
Conclusion
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, it is highly likely that steroids are effective in increasing the probability of complete facial functional recovery (NNT 6–8, 2 Class I studies).
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, does treatment with antiviral agents improve facial functional recovery?
We found 8 articles7–14 published since 2000 comparing outcomes in patients with new-onset Bell palsy treated with antiviral agents. Five of these studies7,9,12–14 were rated Class IV because of nonindependent, nonmasked, nonobjective outcome assessment. These studies are not discussed further. Table 2 summarizes the remaining Class I and II studies (2 Class I, 1 Class II).8,10,11 The table also includes the single Class II study18 from the original guideline.
The Class I studies compared outcomes in patients randomized to antivirals and placebo. In addition, the Class I studies compared outcomes in patients on antivirals plus steroids with patients on steroids alone. The Class II studies10,18 compared outcomes only of patients on antivirals plus steroids with patients on steroids alone.
Valacyclovir was used in one study8 whereas acyclovir was the antiviral agent employed in the other studies. The doses are indicated in table 2. The majority of patients were enrolled within 3 days of onset of facial weakness.
Efficacy
None of the Class I studies demonstrated a significant improvement with the use of antivirals as compared with placebo (random-effects Mantel-Haenszel pooled RD 4% favoring placebo, 95% CI −3% to 11%). Although a benefit of antivirals was not observed in comparison with placebo, some authors have suggested antivirals might have an additional benefit when added to steroids.9
All of the studies reviewed here specifically compared outcomes in patients on steroids and antivirals with patients on steroids alone (table 2). No significant benefit of antivirals added to steroids as compared with steroids alone was observed in the Class I and II studies. However, the 95% CIs of the Class I studies indicate that the studies' statistical precision was insufficient to exclude a modest benefit or harm of antivirals added to steroids (random-effects Mantel-Haenszel pooled RD 0, 95% CI −8% favoring steroids alone to 7% favoring antivirals plus steroids). Adding the Class II studies to the meta-analysis fails to importantly increase the precision of the analysis (pooled RD 4% favoring steroids plus antivirals, 95% CI −4% to 12%).
Safety and tolerability
None of the studies demonstrated a significant increase in any AE for patients randomized to an antiviral agent.
Conclusion
For patients with acute-onset Bell palsy, it is highly likely that antivirals do not moderately (RD >7%) increase the likelihood of improved facial functional recovery (2 Class I studies). The pooled results of studies with a low risk of bias lack the statistical precision to exclude a modest benefit (RD favoring antivirals ≤7%) or modest harm (RD favoring steroids alone ≤8%).
RECOMMENDATIONS
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, oral steroids should be offered to increase the probability of recovery of facial nerve function (Level A).
For patients with new-onset Bell palsy, antivirals (in addition to steroids) might be offered to increase the probability of recovery of facial function (Level C). Patients offered antivirals should be counseled that a benefit from antivirals has not been established, and, if there is a benefit, it is likely that it is modest at best (RD <7%).
PUTTING THE EVIDENCE INTO A CLINICAL CONTEXT
Although there is strong evidence that steroid use increases the probability of good facial functional recovery in patients with Bell palsy, it does not necessarily follow that all patients with Bell palsy need to take steroids. For example, it would be reasonable for a clinician to opt not to use steroids in a patient with brittle diabetes mellitus. Other comorbidities potentially requiring further consideration include morbid obesity, osteopenia, and a prior history of steroid intolerance.
We found limited evidence of the efficacy of steroids and antivirals in important Bell palsy subgroups, including those with a lower probability of recovery because of severe palsy at presentation and those with possible zoster sine herpete. Such studies are particularly important relative to the efficacy of the addition of antivirals to steroids given the lack of evidence for moderate efficacy in the “typical” patient with Bell palsy.
Authors of one Class I study8 performed a preplanned subgroup analysis on patients with severe palsy at presentation19 defined by a Sunnybrook Scale score of 0 to 25. This analysis showed no significant difference in 12-month recovery rates between patients treated with prednisolone alone as compared with patients treated with prednisolone plus valacyclovir (RD 0.2% favoring valacyclovir 95% CI, −18% to 17.6%). However, the analysis lacked the statistical precision to exclude an important beneficial effect (or harm) from the addition of valacyclovir. A Class IV study9 observed a significant improvement in recovery (RD 26.6%) between patients with severe Bell palsy treated with prednisone alone and patients with severe Bell palsy treated with prednisone plus famciclovir (House-Brackmann Scale score of 5 or 6). This study had a high risk of bias because of pseudo-randomized treatment allocation and unmasked outcome assessment.
Relative to zoster sine herpete, a Class IV study12 observed no significant difference in recovery after treatment with prednisolone alone as compared with treatment with prednisolone plus valacyclovir in a subgroup of 28 patients with evidence of zoster reactivation (hazard ratio for recovery 1.6 favoring prednisolone plus valacyclovir, 95% CI 0.4 to 6.1). The small sample size and high risk of bias make this observation inconclusive.
These studies in aggregate do not provide strong evidence to identify subgroups of patients that might benefit more or less from treatment.
Because the studies included only patients presenting early after palsy onset, it is difficult to determine the effect of steroid or antiviral treatment in patients presenting later in the course of their illness (e.g., 1 week after the onset of facial weakness). Likewise, although it seems reasonable to assume that an equivalent dose of alternative steroids would also be effective, decisions regarding alternative steroid dosing regimens necessarily require clinician judgment.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
It is unlikely that additional research regarding the efficacy of steroids will change the current estimate of its effect. Large randomized trials comparing outcomes in patients with Bell palsy receiving steroids with or without antivirals would help in determining whether the addition of antivirals to steroid treatment results in a modest benefit. Such trials should be powered to allow prespecified subgroup analyses of patients with a poorer prognosis and of patients with possible zoster sine herpete. Further future research efforts should be directed toward finding the optimal dose and timing of steroids, the effect of other therapeutic modalities, and the identification of the effect of steroids in specific populations, such as in children.
Glossary
- AAN
- American Academy of Neurology
- AE
- adverse event
- CI
- confidence interval
- NNT
- number needed to treat
- RD
- risk difference
Data Supplement
Neurology® data supplements are not copyedited before publication. Published editorials and translations have been copyedited. Copyright© by American Academy of Neurology. Files in this Data Supplement:
e-Appendices - Microsoft Word file
Supplementary Material
DISCLAIMER
This statement is provided as an educational service of the American Academy of Neurology. It is based on an assessment of current scientific and clinical information. It is not intended to include all possible proper methods of care for a particular neurologic problem or all legitimate criteria for choosing to use a specific procedure. Neither is it intended to exclude any reasonable alternative methodologies. The AAN recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient and the physician caring for the patient, based on all of the circumstances involved. The clinical context section is made available in order to place the evidence-based guideline(s) into perspective with current practice habits and challenges. Formal practice recommendations are not intended to replace clinical judgment.
REFERENCES
1.
Hauser WA, Karnes WE, Annis J, Kurland LT. Incidence and prognosis of Bell’s palsy in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1971;46:258–264.
2.
Katusic SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, et al. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy. Ann Neurol 1986;20:622–627.
3.
Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell’s palsy. Am J Otol 1982;4:107–111.
4.
Grogan PM, Gronseth GS. Practice parameter: steroids, acyclovir, and surgery for Bell’s palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001;56:830–836.
5.
Haynes RB, Wilczynski NC, for the Hedges Team. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of diagnosis from MEDLINE: analytical survey. BMJ 2004;328:1040.
6.
House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;93:146–147.
7.
Shahidullah M, Haque A, Islam MR, et al. Comparative study between combination of famciclovir and prednisolone with prednisolone alone in acute Bell’s palsy. Mymensingh Med J 2011;20:605–613.
8.
Engström M, Berg T, Stjemquist-Desatnik A, et al. Prednisolone and valacyclovir in Bell’s palsy: a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:993–1000.
9.
Minnerop M, Herbst M, Fimmers R, Matz B, Klockgether T, Wullner U. Bell’s palsy: combined treatment of famciclovir and prednisone is superior to prednisone alone. J Neurol 2008;255:1726–1730.
10.
Yeo SG, Lee YC, Park DC, Cha CI. Acyclovir and steroid versus steroid alone in the treatment of Bell’s palsy. Am J Otolaryngol 2008;29:163–168.
11.
Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell’s palsy. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1598–1607.
12.
Kawaguchi K, Inamura H, Abe Y, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus and therapeutic effects of combination therapy with prednisolone and valacyclovir in patients with Bell’s palsy. Laryngoscope 2007;117:147–156.
13.
Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell’s palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol 2007;28:408–413.
14.
Hato N, Matsumoto S, Kisaki H, et al. Efficacy of early treatment of Bell’s palsy with oral acyclovir and prednisolone. Otol Neurotol 2003;24:948–951.
15.
Lagalla G, Logullo F, Di Bella P, Provinciali F, Ceravolo MG. Influence of early high-dose steroid treatment on Bell’s palsy evolution. Neurol Sci 2002;23:107–112.
16.
May M, Wette R, Hardin WB, Sullivan J. The use of steroids in Bell’s palsy: a prospective controlled study. Laryngoscope 1976;86:1111–1122.
17.
Taverner D. Cortisone treatment of Bell’s palsy. Lancet 1954;2:1052–1056.
18.
Adour KK, Ruboyianes JM, Von Doersten PG, et al. Bell’s palsy treatment with acyclovir and prednisone compared with prednisone alone: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:371–378.
19.
de Ru JA, van Benthem PPG, Janssen LM. Is antiviral medication for severe Bell’s palsy still useful? Lancet Neurol 2009;8:509; author reply 509–510.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2012 American Academy of Neurology.
Publication History
Received: May 15, 2012
Accepted: August 21, 2012
Published online: November 7, 2012
Published in print: November 27, 2012
Disclosure
G. Gronseth serves as an editorial advisory board member of Neurology Now; served on a speakers' bureau for Boehringer Ingelheim; and receives honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and the American Academy of Neurology. R. Paduga reports no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.
Conflict of Interest
The American Academy of Neurology is committed to producing independent, critical and truthful clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Significant efforts are made to minimize the potential for conflicts of interest to influence the recommendations of this CPG. To the extent possible, the AAN keeps separate those who have a financial stake in the success or failure of the products appraised in the CPGs and the developers of the guidelines. Conflict of interest forms were obtained from all authors and reviewed by an oversight committee prior to project initiation. AAN limits the participation of authors with substantial conflicts of interest. The AAN forbids commercial participation in, or funding of, guideline projects. Drafts of the guideline have been reviewed by at least 3 AAN committees, a network of neurologists, Neurology peer reviewers and representatives from related fields. The AAN Guideline Author Conflict of Interest Policy can be viewed at www.aan.com.
Authors
Author Contributions
G. Gronseth: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, statistical analysis, study supervision. R. Paduga: drafting/revising the manuscript, acquisition of data.
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited By
- Bell Palsy: Facts and Current Research Perspectives, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 23, 2, (203-214), (2024).https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527322666230321120618
- Cough, Neck Pain, and Right Facial Paralysis in a 14-year-old with Autism, Pediatrics in Review, 45, 1, (47-51), (2024).https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005512
- Efficacy of adding selective electrical muscle stimulation to usual physical therapy for Bell’s palsy: immediate and six-month outcomes, European Journal of Translational Myology, (2023).https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2023.11630
- Editorial: Application and evaluation of acupuncture in the treatment of neurological diseases, Frontiers in Neurology, 14, (2023).https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1201234
- Cathelicidin-derived antiviral peptide inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 infection, Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, (2023).https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201505
- Bell's palsy treatment strategies, Neurology Clinical Practice, 2, 3, (242-244), (2023)./doi/10.1212/CPJ.0b013e31826af188
- Approach to assessing and using clinical practice guidelines, Neurology Clinical Practice, 8, 1, (58-61), (2023)./doi/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000417
- Progress in treatment of facial neuritis by acupuncture combined with medicine from the perspective of modern medicine: A review, Medicine, 102, 51, (e36751), (2023).https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036751
- Does electrical stimulation still have a place in the treatment armamentarium for Bell’s palsy?, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 24, 1, (1-3), (2023).https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2023.2295426
- Variations in the treatment of acute peripheral facial paralysis. A nationwide survey, Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition), (2023).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2023.09.001
- See more
Loading...
View Options
View options
Full Text
View Full TextGet Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Personal login Institutional LoginPurchase Options
Purchase this article to get full access to it.