The retroviral protease cleavage site and R peptide region are missing from the Env ERVWE1 69-amino-acid intracytoplasmic tail (
7) without altering the constitutive fusion competence of Env ERVWE1. Moreover, the human genome does not contain any HERV-W
pro genes in a favorable translational context (
34,
49). D-type and C-type mammalian retrovirus R peptides exert a fusion inhibition effect (
53,
54). R peptide cleavage by the retroviral protease allows the envelope protein to be fusion competent (
9,
40,
41). These characteristics led us to question the role of the intracytoplasmic tail in the fusion process. Hence, we designed a tailless mutant (the CYT-1 mutant) (Fig.
6A). The removal of the intracytoplasmic tail dramatically reduced the envelope protein fusogenicity in the cell-cell fusion assay, as visualized by a decrease in the fusion index. Next, we focused on localizing the fusion determinants more precisely in the intracytoplasmic tail. We generated truncation mutants (the CYT-16 and CYT-31 mutants) by eliminating the carboxy-terminal residues (Fig.
6B). As illustrated in Fig.
6A, the deletion of half (CYT-31 mutant) or up to three quarters (CYT-16 mutant) of the intracytoplasmic tail did not affect the fusogenicity of the mutants. Therefore, no critical fusion determinants are located in the carboxy-terminal part of the protein. This observation suggested that the Env ERVWE1 fusion determinants reside in the first 16 residues of the intracytoplasmic tail. Sequence alignments of the first 16 Env ERVWE1 residues (Fig.
6B) revealed the local conservation of a predicted helical structure which is presumably involved in cell-cell fusion (
45). Note that the CYT-16 fusogenic mutant containing the shorter tail induced the formation of syncytia containing up to 160 nuclei, compared to 100 nuclei for the wild-type envelope. An overall similar situation was previously described for the HTLV envelope protein, which did not present any defined R-related cleavage site and contained fusion determinants in the first eight residues of the intracytoplasmic tail (
24). To precisely determine the role of this region in Env ERVWE1's constitutive fusogenic activity, we developed swapping chimeras between Env ERVWE1 and feline endogenous retrovirus (RD114) and amphotropic MLV (A) envelope proteins. In a first approach, we tested whether the Env ERVWE1 fusogenic activity could be controlled by an infectious retrovirus R peptide region. The Env ERVWE1 intracytoplasmic tail was replaced with the complete (W/R
+ mutant) or a shortened R-less version (W/R
− mutant) of the amphotropic MLV intracytoplasmic tail. As illustrated in Fig.
6C, the presence of the amphotropic R peptide region restored fusion inhibition control to the W/R
+ mutant. The fusogenicity of this chimera could be restored by the R peptide truncation (W/R
− mutant). This observation is in agreement with previously described results in which the fusogenic activities of wild-type gamma- and betaretrovirus envelope proteins were restored by the introduction of a stop codon after the viral protease cleavage site (
9,
40,
41). In a second approach, we questioned the role of the Env ERVWE1 intracytoplasmic tail in the cell-cell fusion regulation of infectious prototypes (Fig.
6C). As expected, the introduction of a stop codon to wild-type RD114 (RDR
−) and A (AR
−) restored the cell-cell fusion activities of these envelope proteins. The replacement of their intracytoplasmic tails with the Env ERVWE1 intracytoplasmic tail (RD/W and A/W mutants) conferred on them a constitutive fusogenicity as high as the wild-type Env ERVWE1 activity in the case of the RD/W chimera. Altogether, these results confirm the role of the Env ERVWE1 conserved region in the fusion process. We suggest that the sequence from the 16th residue on may be a remnant of the R peptide region that has lost its fusion inhibition control of Env ERVWE1 fusogenicity. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the Env ERVWE1 intracytoplasmic tail has evolved to bypass the viral cleavage requirement or has adapted to cellular protease cleavage. To date, with the various approaches developed to test this hypothesis, we cannot confirm the existence of either a cleaved Env ERVWE1 or a cellular protease-defective cell line.