Singapore’s first case of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was confirmed on January 23, 2020, and treated at Singapore General Hospital [1]. Given its status as an international hub with close geographical and business ties to China, Singapore was a natural route of dissemination. Indeed, by early February 2020, our densely populated urban island nation had the second most number of confirmed COVID-19 cases outside of China [2]. At the onset, there was admittedly some panic, largely due to gaps in knowledge about the virus. Misinformation being circulated did not help; some early rumors suggested that the primary mode of spread was via aerosol transmission. Most evidence today suggests COVID-19 primarily spreads by way of large droplets [3].

Our radiology division is part of a large academic tertiary referral medical center, comprised of over 700 staff consisting of sub-specialty radiologists, trainees, radiographers, nurses, porters, and administrative staff. The relatively large organization required us to institute several initiatives, with an ultimate aim to ensure the safety of our patients and staff.

In any crisis, leadership and clear modes of communication are ingredients for success. We immediately set up a small radiology task force, consisting of key members of the division, inclusive of radiologists, radiographers, nurses, and administrative staff. The role of the radiology division task force was to review the daily operational capacity, inclusive of workload (Fig. 1a, b) and manpower, such that adjustments could be made quickly. Further, the task force would serve as a point of contact for those outside of the division, namely the larger umbrella hospital-wide disease outbreak task force (which radiology had direct representation with), as well as internally to the radiology division’s ground staff. Several modes of direct communication between the task force and the ground staff were immediately created via instant messaging applications and email, allowing real-time clarifications and dissemination of information for speedy action.

Fig. 1
figure 1

a Total radiology workload, 2019 vs 2020. We have made a conscious effort to reduce our workload to deal with the increased operational demands and potential surges in patient load during this outbreak period. Since our first COVID-19 case, our workload has decreased by approximately 25% compared to last year. b COVID-19-related chest x-ray workload, 20 January to 15 March 2020. Our COVID-19 suspect chest x-ray workload has dramatically increased, largely related to an interim change in suspect case definition from recent travel from China to any recent travel from abroad

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The triage, categorization, and segregation of patients of varying risks during this pandemic continues to be an operational necessity (Fig. 2) [4]. Given the heterogeneous patient population coursing through any radiology department, definitions of how to categorize patients into non-suspect, suspect, and confirmed COVID-19 cases allow ground staff to understand which patients they can use standard precautions on versus those that require enhanced measures and additional personal protective equipment. In the earlier days of the outbreak, it was much easier to risk stratify patients; symptomatic patients with recent travel to Hubei Province or with occupational exposure to Chinese tourists were deemed at risk for COVID-19. With the recent global explosion of cases in Europe and America with known community spread, it is becoming more challenging to categorize patients into different risk categories and there may be a time in the near future when anybody coming into the radiology division may well be a possible COVID-19 case, and sustainable enhanced universal precautions are likely to become the “new normal.”

Fig. 2
figure 2

Radiology entrance triage questionnaire. If a patient does not have any flu-like symptoms, they are allowed to enter our radiology department and continue with their imaging examination. If a patient has flu-like symptoms, they are immediately brought to a separate room. A physician will take into account any recent travel history from high risk COVID-19 countries, contact with known local COVID-19 case/clusters, and exam urgency before deciding whether or not to allow them to proceed with their radiology examination. Note every patient must sign on the declaration form, and providing false statements is subject to a fine of up to SGD $10,000 or jail up to 6 months or both (in accordance with Section 21(A) of the Singaporean Infectious Diseases Act)

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Ensuring adequate manpower to deal with the crisis must be addressed. We ultimately made the difficult decision of indefinitely postponing selected staffs’ leave to ensure there was adequate manpower on the ground. Further, we segregated into 2 to 3 functional teams, so in the case of a quarantine situation disabling 1 functional subunit, the other team could independently carry on the needs of the radiology division [5]. Splitting into smaller subunits admittedly has taken a toll on some of staff. Even prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, we were generally short staffed of radiographers, and their longer 12-h shifts during this outbreak has been a challenge.

How have our daily radiology operations been affected? For non-suspect COVID-19 patients, we continue to use our pre-pandemic standard precautions, ensuring surface cleaning of patient contact points with standard anti-microbial wipes, such as the x-ray buckys, ultrasound probes, and CT couches after each patient. Strict hand hygiene practices are already part of our normal pre-pandemic routine; our only additional measure is that all our patient-fronting staff wear surgical masks. Our daily throughput for this group of patients have not been affected.

For suspect or confirmed COVID-19 patients, our basic tenet has been to minimize unnecessary imaging, reducing the potential spread of pathogen to other patients and staff. However, PCR testing may not be sensitive enough to exclude COVID-19, and many patients may need radiological investigations prior to disease confirmation [6, 7]. To image these patients, we have taken additional safety measures at the expense of patient throughput. For general radiography and ultrasound, we have leveraged upon the use of portable examinations to minimize patient movement. For examinations, we lack portable capability for, including MRI and CT, carefully planned routes of transportation ensure minimal spread of pathogen and contact with personnel [4]. Simulation of these transfers have helped identify gaps in the process and should be carefully rehearsed. Further, as far as possible, we have performed examinations for all suspect or confirmed cases in negative pressure CT and MRI rooms, installed in response to our previous 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic, and use full personal protective equipment [8]. Meticulous vetting of examinations is being made to ensure examinations are being done appropriately and add value to patient care [4]. Decontamination for portable x-ray machines includes surface cleaning to the entire machine with standard anti-microbial wipes. Our CT procedure for COVID-19 patients includes wrapping potential contact areas (gantry, couch, injector controls) with plastic covering; after the plastic is removed, we use standard anti-microbial wipes to clean the machine, and then proceed with terminal cleaning and UV-C irradiation to the scan room. The decontamination process for portable x-ray and CT takes 20 min and 90 min, respectively.

Workplace and social responsibility continues to be advocated. Posters and videos demonstrating proper hand hygiene technique and donning and doffing of personal protective equipment are clearly visible in staff areas in our division and posted on our intranet [5]. If people are sick, they are advised to stay home and avoid social activities. Since we have segregated into smaller functional teams at work, minimal mixing with counterpart teams at break time and after work is essential for our manpower segregation concept to be of any utility. Safe distancing, defined by standing at least 1 m apart, both in and outside of the workplace is known to decrease the possibility of pathogen spread [9]. In line with published recommendations, we have instituted mandatory temperature reporting via a secure weblink of all our staff twice a day, 7 days a week, using a hospital issued thermometer [10].

As the COVID-19 situation continues to evolve, we will continue to persevere and hope that the concepts we have introduced will allow us to contain and nimbly adapt to the situation as it unfolds. It is possible that this pandemic may be a new normative state, and we may have to develop new infection control standards such that operations can continue with minimal risk to staff and patients. At the time of writing (26 March 2020), we have had 35 confirmed COVID-19 cases in our hospital, 9 of which have safely discharged, 1 transferred, and 25 remaining in the isolation unit; no intra-hospital transmission to health care workers has occurred. Our experience over the past 9 weeks may help to shape the response of other radiology services during this rapidly evolving global COVID-19 pandemic.